![]() Cornell University Press (reproduced by Dover in 2004) (ed.). Aerodynamics for Engineering Students (5th ed.). (2001), Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, p. 360. Lifting-line theory corrects some of the errors in the naive two-dimensional approach by including some interactions between the wing slices. However, this approximation is grossly incorrect: on a real wing, the lift from each infinitesimal wing section is strongly affected by the airflow over neighboring wing sections. ![]() One might expect that understanding the full wing simply involves adding up the independently calculated forces from each airfoil segment. Each of these slices is called an airfoil, and it is easier to understand an airfoil than a complete three-dimensional wing. ![]() When analyzing a three-dimensional finite wing, a traditional approach slices the wing into cross-sections and analyzes each cross-section independently as a wing in a two-dimensional world. It is difficult to predict analytically the overall amount of lift that a wing of given geometry will generate. Airfoils in two dimensions are easier to understand, but they do not directly map to three-dimensional finite wings ![]()
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